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For a review see N. G. Desphande, ``Theory of Penguins in Decays, in Decays, ed. by S. Stone, World Scientific, Singapore, (1992), p430.

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35

We ignore the small contribution from color suppressed decays for diagram (a).

36

For example, this would be true if only one amplitude dominates each of the decays to or .

37

The phase in this discussion is the difference between the hadronic phases and of the two amplitudes A and , respectively, that are defined by Gronau and Wyler.

38

We use and for the Wolfenstein parameter to avoid confusion with our amplitude A.

39

We use and is taken as 0.22.

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P. H. Cox, S. Hovater and S. T. Jones, 3315031986; J. H. K´'uhn, S. Nussinov and R. R´'uckl, 51171980.

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43

This number is in agreement with that observed in the CLEO II data. It is possible to increase the efficiency by adding more decay modes and improving the detector solid angle for photons and the charged particle tracking efficiency. In all estimates we use 86%for the efficiency of reconstructing a high momentum track.

44

G. Valencia, 3933391992.

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D. Acosta et al., CLNS 93-14 (1993).

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54

D. S. Akerib et al.(CLEO), ``Observation of ,'' presented at Photon Leption Conference, Ithaca NY(1993).

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J. Haissinski, Orsay Preprint No. LAL-90-64, 1990, to be published in Proceedings of the 8th EPS General Conference: Trends in Physics (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1990).

56

S. L. Glashow, A. Salam and S. Weinberg, 525151980.

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For a recent review, see for example, K. K. Gan and M. L. Perl, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A3, 531 (1988); B. C. Barish and R. Stroynowski, Phys. Rep. 157, 1 (1988).

58

See for example, P. Langacker, B. Sathiapalan and G. Steigman, B2666691986 and references therein.

59

H. Albrecht et al., 202B1491988.

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Y. S. Tsai, D428211971.

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F. J. Gilman and D. H. Miller, D1718461978.

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H. B. Thacker and J. J. Sakurai, 36B1031971.

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T. Das, V. S. Mathur and S. Okubo, 187611967.

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See for example, H. Harari, Fundamental Forces, edited by D. Frame and K. J. Peach (St. Andrews, 1984), p.357; R. D. Pecci, New and Exotic Phenomena, edited by O. Fackler and J. Tran Thanh Van (Les Arcs, Savoie, France, 1987), p.431.

70

A. Bean et al., CLEO preprint, CLNS 92/1172, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.

71

H. Albrecht et al., 246B2781990.

72

W. Fetscher, H.-J. Gerber and K. F. Johnson, 173B1021986.

73

W. Fetscher, in Proposal for an Electron Positron Collider for Heavy Flavour Particle Physics and Synchrotron Radiation, PSI PR-88-09 (1988).

74

M. Artuso et al., ``Measurement of the Cross-Section for ,'' CLNS93/1245, submitted to Phys. Rev. D.

75

D. Acosta et al., ``Two-Photon Production of Charged Pion and Kaon Pairs,'' in preparation for Phys. Rev. D.

76

V. Shelkov et al., ''Measurement of the Two-Photon Production of the ,'' CLNS93/1250, accepted by Phys. Rev. D.

77

R. Sonnenblick et al., A3101891991.

78

G. Hall et al., A3262281993.

79

J. F. Bak et al., B2886811987.

80

Private communication, members of the L3 collaboration.

81

Note that Radeka (Low-Noise Techniques in Detectors, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci, 38 (1988) 217) discusses series noise in a different limit, namely where is large; in this limit, . In our case, however, is small, and the resulting is independent of the integration time.

82

W. Trischuk, private communication. See also comments in O. Toker et al., ``Viking, a CMOS low noise monolithic 128 channel frontend for Si-strip detector readout,'' CERN-PPE/93-141.

83

J. P. Alexander et al., Studies of Double-Sided, Double Metal Silicon Strip Detectors, contribution to the International Symposium on the Development and Application of Semiconductor Tracking Detectors, to appear in Nucl. Instr. Meth..

84

Current versions of the VIKING chip yield a noise slope as low as 12.5/pF, with a 2.0 s shaping time. A new version, now being tested, appears to offer 5.4/pF (private communication, P. Weilhammer.) We are presently exploring the possibilities of using such a chip, suitably tailored to CLEO needs.

85

Such kapton circuits have been fabricated for gas microstrip detectors by CLEO collaborators at Ohio State University.

86

W. Snoeys et al., A3261441993; See also, S. Parker, A2754941989.

87

cf. for instance J. C. Jernigan, SLAC-PUB-5925.

88

D. G. Cassel et al., A523251986.

89

W. O. Miller et al., Los Alamos Nat. Lab. report LA-12029.

90

D. Hale, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, private communication.

91

W. Adam et al., ``The Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector of DELPHI,'' presented at First Int. Conf. on RICH Detectors, Bari, Italy, (1993); K. Abe et al., ``Performance of the CRID at SLD,'' ibid.; U. M´'uller et al., ``Particle Identification with the RICH Detector in Experiment WA89 at CERN,'' ibid.; H.-W. Siebert et al., ``The OMEGA-RICH,'' ibid.; R. Baur et al., ``The CERES RICH Detector System,'' ibid.; A. Braem et al., ``Fast Rich Detector with a CsI Photocathode at Atmospheric Pressure,'' ibid.; M. Staric et al., ``Measurement of Cherenkov Angles with a CsI Photocathode in a Multiwire Chamber,'' ibid.

92

M. French et al., A3245111990.

93

R. Arnold et al., A3144651992.

94

J. Seguinot et al., A2971331990.

95

For more details see M. Artuso and Y. Mukhin, ``Comparison of Expected Performance of Fast Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counter Systems,'' CBX 93-45 (1993); M. Artuso and Y. Mukhin, ``A Fast Ring Imaging Detector for the CLEO Upgrade,'' presented at First Int. Conf.on RICH Detectors, Bari, Italy, (1993), to appear in Proceedings.

96

D. Anderson et al., A3236261992; J. Seguinot and T. Ypsilantis, Ring Imaging Cherenkov Counters, CERN Preprint CERN-LAA/PI/91-004 (1991); D. F. Anderson, S. Kwan and V. Peskov, ``CsI and Some New Photocathodes,'' FERMILAB-Conf-93/128 (1993); R. Aleksan et al., ``Measurements of CsI Photocathode quantum efficiency in Methane,'' presented at First Int. Conf. on RICH Detectors, Bari, Italy, (1993).

97

S. Ilie and G. Lenzen, ``Perfluorocarbon Liquid, Specific Chemical Aspects For Use in the DELPHI RICH,'' DELPHI 93-33 (1993).

98

R. Brandelik et al., 832611979; A. Onuchin et al., A3155171992.

99

H. Burkhardt et al., 1843191981; M. Bockhorst, ``Measurement of the optical properties of the components of an aerogel Cerenkov counter with wavelength shifter light guide,'' BONN-IR-92-35, Sep 1992.

100

G. Eigen, D. G. Hitlin, M. Lakata, J. Y. Oyang, and W. J. Wisniewski, ``Silica aerogel Cerenkov detectors for particle identification,'' SLAC-BABAR-NOTE-100(1992); G. Eigen, D.G. Hitlin and J.Y. Oyang, ``Studies of silica aerogel as a low mass particle identification system for the SLAC B factory detector,'' SLAC-BABAR-NOTE-101(1993).

101

M. Selen and K. Honscheid, Particle ID via Cherenkov Correlated Timing, CLEO Preprint CBX 92-116; see also paper of same name by K. Honscheid, M. Selen and M. Sivertz, Proceedings of the First Int. Conf. on RICH Detectors, Bari, Italy, 1993.

102

The idea of using total internal reflection to guide the Cherenkov light and to measure the position and shape of the Cherenkov rings as projected from the end of the radiator was first discussed by Blair Ratcliff. For a review of his ideas, refer to his talk ``Status of the B Factory Detector for PEP-II: A Progress Report'' at the XXVI. International Conference on High Energy Physics, Dallas (1992) (SLAC-PUB 5946 (92)). The first usage of total-internal reflection in Cherenkov counters was suggested by Fitch and Motley (1014961956).

103

This is a conservative assumption. The fastest photo-tube available from Hammamatsu has a single electron transit time jitter of 160 ps FWHM.

104

Advanced Photonics Inc., Camarillo, California 93012.

105

M. Grande and G. R. Moss, 2155391983.

106

T. Browder et al., ``CESR-B R&DReport, June 1993,'' Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. page 4-1.